Microplastic pollution has emerged as a pervasive environmental threat, contaminating aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide and posing risks to biodiversity and human health. Recent advancements in eco-friendly bioremediation technologies offer promising solutions by harnessing the capabilities of microorganisms, enzymes, and bio-based materials to degrade or transform microplastics into harmless substances. These bioremediation approaches focus on the natural metabolic pathways of bacteria, fungi, and algae, which can break down complex polymers through enzymatic action, leading to reduced microplastic concentrations in various environments. Innovative strategies such as genetically engineered microbes, enzyme immobilization, and biofilm-based degradation systems have significantly enhanced the efficiency and scalability of these methods. Moreover, the integration of bioremediation with eco-engineering techniques, like bioreactors and constructed wetlands, creates synergistic effects, accelerating microplastic degradation in both controlled and natural settings. Despite ongoing challenges related to process optimization, ecological safety, and long-term effectiveness, bioremediation stands at the forefront of sustainable solutions against microplastic contamination, emphasizing the potential for eco-innovative interventions to mitigate this pressing global issue.
