Hydrothermal vent ecosystems are unique deep-sea habitats characterized by extreme physicochemical conditions and remarkable biological communities that rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. This review explores the ecological significance of aquatic life in these systems, focusing on biodiversity, ecological interactions, and the broader environmental implications. Chemosynthetic microorganisms form the foundation of vent food webs, supporting diverse symbiotic and free-living fauna adapted to high temperatures, toxic chemicals, and fluctuating vent activity. These organisms play crucial roles in primary production, nutrient cycling, and habitat structuring, fostering complex trophic interactions despite the harsh environment. Beyond their localized settings, hydrothermal vents influence deep-sea biodiversity connectivity, global biogeochemical cycles, and evolutionary processes, highlighting their importance as ecological and evolutionary hotspots. However, these ecosystems face increasing threats from human activities such as deep-sea mining, climate change, and pollution, which jeopardize their biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Conservation challenges are compounded by limited scientific knowledge and governance gaps in international waters. This work underscores the necessity for comprehensive research, environmental impact assessments, and international collaboration to ensure sustainable management and protection of hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Understanding and preserving these unique aquatic communities is vital for maintaining ocean health and resilience in a rapidly changing world.
