Drip irrigation is recognized for its ability to optimize water use by delivering it directly to the plant root zone, minimizing losses from evaporation and runoff. This review explores the scientific principles underlying drip irrigation efficiency, including soil-water-plant interactions, emitter design, and system management practices. It evaluates how uniform water distribution, precise scheduling, and integration with fertigation enhance crop growth and yield. The study also highlights research on performance metrics, efficiency improvements, and environmental benefits. Understanding the mechanisms of drip irrigation efficiency can guide the design and adoption of sustainable water management strategies in modern agriculture.
